Evaluation of the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of orthodontic bonding adhesives upon human gingival papillae through immunohistochemical expression of p53, p63 and p16

Numerous in vitro studies have shown that composite materials, commonly used for restorations in conservative dentistry, and in orthodontics to anchor brackets to the tooth enamel, have cytotoxic and genotoxic effects. The study determined expression of p53, p63 and p16, biomarkers useful for predicting potential genotoxicity.