Tat protein is an HIV-1 encoded SS-chemochine homolog that promotes migrationand upregulates CCR3 on human FceRI+ cells

Human basophils and mast cells express the chemokine receptor CCR3, which binds the chemokines eotaxin and RANTES. HIV-1
Tat protein is a potent chemoattractant for basophils and lung mast cells obtained from healthy individuals seronegative for Abs
to HIV-1 and HIV-2. Tat protein induced a rapid and transient Ca21 influx in basophils and mast cells, analogous to b-chemokines.
Tat protein neither induced histamine release from human basophils and mast cells nor increased IL-3-stimulated histamine
secretion from basophils. The chemotactic activity of Tat protein was blocked by preincubation of FceRI1 cells with anti-CCR3
Ab. Preincubation of Tat with a mAb anti-Tat (aa 1–86) blocked the migration induced by Tat. In contrast, a mAb specific for
the basic region (aa 46–60) did not inhibit the chemotactic effect of Tat protein. Tat protein or eotaxin desensitized basophils to
a subsequent challenge with the autologous or the heterologous stimulus. Preincubation of basophils with Tat protein up-regulated
the level of CCR3 mRNA and the surface expression of the CCR3 receptor. Tat protein is the first identified HIV-1-encoded
b-chemokine homologue that influences the directional migration of human FceRI1 cells and the expression of surface receptor CCR3 on these cells.