Emerging Economic Challenges in the 2030 Agenda: Rethinking Models of Responsible Growth with a Particular Focus on the Italian Case

This contribution critically investigates the economic challenges that hinder the implementation of the United Nations 2030 Agenda, with particular reference to the Italian case. Persistent inequalities, regional disparities, and the regressive effects of the COVID-19 pandemic are analyzed as structural obstacles to sustainable development. The essay explores alternative growth paradigms—such as the circular economy and redistributive fiscal policies—while emphasizing the role of corporate responsibility and sustainable finance in fostering regenerative economic models. By integrating national strategies with global instruments, the paper outlines policy directions aimed at inclusiveness, resilience, and long-term sustainability. Ultimately, reducing inequality emerges as a systemic condition for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals and ensuring social cohesion.